What’s in store for the UK in 2023? Here’s one economist’s view

This article first appeared on The Conversation.

<p>Last year was an eventful one for the UK which lost its <a href="https://theconversation.com/queen-elizabeth-ii-a-moderniser-who-steered-the-british-monarchy-into-the-21st-century-159485">longest-serving monarch</a>, went through two prime ministers, and faced economic stagnation, <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-imf-comments-on-the-uk-economy-spooked-traders-and-investors-191619">financial turmoil</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/inflation-how-to-improve-official-predictions-by-asking-the-public-194666">rampant inflation</a> and a <a href="https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/cost-living-crisis">cost of living crisis</a>. </p>

<p>To kick off 2023, <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-on-making-2023-the-first-year-of-a-new-and-better-future-4-january-2023">UK prime minister Rishi Sunak</a> set out <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-04/sunak-pledges-to-cut-debt-halve-inflation-in-crisis-hit-uk?leadSource=uverify%20wall">five priorities</a>, leading with pledges to halve inflation, boost economic growth and cut national debt, as well as addressing NHS waiting lists and the issue of immigrants arriving to the UK in small boats.</p>

<p>These pledges – if achieved – would be excellent news for the UK economy, particularly given <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/e9c4743b-945d-422b-8f4b-3c2a8a237b70">recent forecasts for a UK recession later this year</a>. But <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/jan/02/third-of-world-economy-to-hit-recession-in-2023-imf-head-warns">the bleak state of the global economy</a> in general will also affect the outlook, as will uncertainty around ongoing industrial action by workers across the UK. Resolving this could be the best way for the government to help the economy this year.</p>

<p>It’s also worth pointing out that at least one of Sunak’s promises was already expected to happen anyway. While it’s currently in the double digits, <a href="https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy-report/2022/november-2022">inflation was already forecast</a> to fall sharply from 10.7% in December 2022 to less than half of this figure by the end of 2023. So, whether Sunak does something about it or not, there are a number of reasons to expect inflation could come down sharply in 2023 regardless: </p>

<ul>
<li><a href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PNRGINDEXM">a considerable decline</a> in global energy prices has already happened from the peak in August 2022, which is important because rising <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/dec/11/it-is-soaring-energy-costs-fuelling-uk-inflation-not-humble-pay-rises">energy prices have largely driven</a> the recent inflation spike</li>
<li>simply because of <a href="https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy/inflation#:%7E:text=How%20inflation%20is%20measured,measure%20of%20inflation%20we%20target.">the way inflation is calculated</a>, as the year-on-year increase in price levels fades out of the main calculation, the annual rate of inflation will come down </li>
<li><a href="https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/monetary-policy-report/2022/november/monetary-policy-report-november-2022.pdf?la=en&hash=6763078ABD7409E92226726CA147773453661202">the UK economy is expected</a> to face a prolonged recession with declining growth and increased unemployment in 2023-24, causing deflation (of course this could also cause problems for Sunak’s pledge to boost economic growth)<br></li>
<li>following <a href="https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy-report/2022/november-2022">a fairly gloomy forecast</a> in November 2022, the Bank of England went on to tighten monetary policy further (by increasing interest rates to 3.5%) in December. This will probably encourage a reduction in spending and investment in 2023.</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>The UK economic outlook to 2025 with interest rates at 3%</strong></p>

<figure class="align-center zoomable">
            <a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/503675/original/file-20230109-17100-35275d.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img alt="Line graph showing UK GDP, inflation and unemployment are all projected to rise slightly if interest rates remained at 3,  according to Bank of England projections." src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/503675/original/file-20230109-17100-35275d.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/503675/original/file-20230109-17100-35275d.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=263&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/503675/original/file-20230109-17100-35275d.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=263&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/503675/original/file-20230109-17100-35275d.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=263&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/503675/original/file-20230109-17100-35275d.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=330&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/503675/original/file-20230109-17100-35275d.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=330&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/503675/original/file-20230109-17100-35275d.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=330&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></a>
            <figcaption>
              <span class="caption">Projections for UK GDP, inflation & unemployment made by the Bank of England’s Monetary Policy Committee in November 2022, based on interest rates at 3% (N.B. the interest rate increased to 3.5% in December 2022).</span>
              <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy-report/2022/november-2022#:~:text=The%20Bank%20of%20England's%20Monetary,percentage%20points%2C%20to%203%25.">Author provided using data from Bank of England, November 2022.</a>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span>
            </figcaption>
          </figure>

<p>Further rate rises are expected in 2023. In fact, the markets and the bank both <a href="https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy-report/2022/november-2022">expect the main rate to reach 5.2%</a> by the end of this year. This means the bank’s November economic forecast, which was based on rates of 3%, may worsen due to an even larger contraction than previously expected. The resulting drop in spending and investment by people and businesses could then cause inflation to come down faster than the bank had predicted when rates were at 3%.</p>

<p>There is also some positive news on the horizon that could bring down inflation. There has been some appreciation in the pound since the huge drop caused by the <a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/pound-falling-against-dollar_uk_632dd8d5e4b0e2478902b0f3#:%7E:text=englandkwasi%20kwarteng-,The%20Pound%20Has%20Plunged%20To%20A%20Record%20Low%20After%20The,could%20now%20be%20even%20higher.&text=Chancellor%20Kwasi%20Kwarteng's%20mini%2Dbudget,to%20an%20all%2Dtime%20low.">September mini-budget that had brought its value to a nearly 40-year low</a>. This could have a deflationary impact on the UK economy to some extent. </p>

<p>And, although less positive for workers of course, pay increases have been broadly contained, avoiding the <a href="https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/politics/957140/what-is-the-wage-price-spiral">much-feared wage-price spiral</a>. In fact, 2022 has been <a href="https://www.tuc.org.uk/news/2022-worst-year-real-wage-growth-nearly-half-century">one of the worst years in decades</a> for UK wage growth. Limiting pay rises can have a deflationary effect because people have less to spend, but it also weighs on economic growth and productivity. </p>

<p>On the global front, the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/09/markets-optimistic-as-china-eases-covid-rules-but-experts-warn-of-danger-ahead">easing of COVID restrictions in China</a> from the end of last year could also have been positive for the UK economy. If this helps ease supply chain disruptions occurring since the global height of the pandemic, it could reduce inflationary pressure in the UK and other countries that trade with China by making it easier – and therefore less costly – for people to get hold of goods. </p>

<h2>Strikes and inflation</h2>

<p>The points above imply that inflation may drop even faster than the Bank of England’s projections. But its <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/01/01/pay-rises-must-slow-bank-can-reduce-interest-rates/">recent position</a> has been that wage growth must slow further before rates are reduced. </p>

<p>Strikes over pay and conditions <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/dec/12/uk-strike-days-calendar-the-public-service-stoppages-planned-for-december">continue in various sectors</a> in 2023, including transport, health, education and the postal service. There is seemingly no resolution in sight for many of these pay disputes. Strikes and industrial action are not good for wider the economy either. If wages are stagnating and the economy is not performing well, <a href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/higher-real-wages-for-workers-in-britain-would-raise-productivity-and-boost-demand/#:%7E:text=In%20modern%20economics%2C%20the%20same,the%20wages%20of%20their%20workforce.">productivity will suffer</a>. </p>

<figure class="align-center ">
            <img alt="A pile of white signs on the ground that say " src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/503843/original/file-20230110-12-27hl25.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/503843/original/file-20230110-12-27hl25.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/503843/original/file-20230110-12-27hl25.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/503843/original/file-20230110-12-27hl25.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=399&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/503843/original/file-20230110-12-27hl25.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/503843/original/file-20230110-12-27hl25.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/503843/original/file-20230110-12-27hl25.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=502&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px">
            <figcaption>
              <span class="caption">Workers in a range of industries engaged in industrial action in 2022.</span>
              <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/on-strike-22140319">John Kershner/Shutterstock</a></span>
            </figcaption>
          </figure>

<p>Steps taken by the government so far to try to generate growth have been questionable. For example, the recently announced <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/edinburgh-reforms-hail-next-chapter-for-uk-financial-services">Edinburgh Reforms for the banking sector</a>, which aim to “unlock investment and turbocharge growth in towns and cities across the UK” – may <a href="https://theconversation.com/banking-reforms-could-make-the-uk-a-sustainable-finance-hub-but-also-threaten-financial-stability-196566?utm_source=linkedin&utm_medium=bylinelinkedinbutton">threaten financial stability</a>. </p>

<p>A contracting economy and rising unemployment mean the government’s finances are expected to worsen in the year ahead, with <a href="https://cebr.com/reports/eight-months-of-strike-action-to-have-cost-the-uk-economy-at-least-1-7bn-adding-to-existing-recessionary-pressures/">a possible fiscal deficit of around 7.1% of national income</a>. Again, this is the opposite to what Sunak pledged in terms of cutting the national debt. </p>

<p>While loosening banking regulations may not help the British economy, the UK government could consider concentrating on the energy transition. A <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-63950962">recent breakthrough in nuclear fusion</a> by US researchers is a great example of the progress being made in the area of green technology. </p>

<p>While climate goals were not mentioned in Sunak’s pledges, <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/global-agreement-in-green-tech-will-open-doors-for-uk-plc">the government has already been investing in this area</a>. This is not going to help address the short-term financial problems the UK faces in 2023, but it could put the economy on a surer footing over the longer term.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/197484/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p>

<p><span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/muhammad-ali-nasir-1244347">Muhammad Ali Nasir</a>, Associate Professor in Economics, <em><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-leeds-1122">University of Leeds</a></em></span></p>

<p>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/whats-in-store-for-the-uk-in-2023-heres-one-economists-view-197484">original article</a>.</p>