FACULTY STAFF

Profile

Qualifications

MSc Management Science, UMIST
BSc Science (Geology with Biology) (CNAA)

Experience

1994-1996: Lecturer in International Business, International Business Unit, Manchester Metropolitan University.
1993-1994: Research Assistant and Part Time Teaching Assistant, Manchester School of Management, UMIST, financed by an Economic and Social Research Council grant.
1991-1993: Research Assistant, Manchester School of Management, UMIST, working latterly on a review of the literature on international franchising, and before this on a project examining director remuneration on the UK building society sector.
1984-1990: International trader at an international trading house, supplying equipment to large industrial and mining concerns in the Middle East and SE Asia.

2004 to date: Member, University of Leeds Senior Promotions Committee
2005 to date: Member, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN) Working Group of the University of Leeds
2004 to 2007: External examiner, Bradford University School of Management, (International Business modules on various MBA and MA programmes).
2001 to 2005: External examiner for Business Studies module on the International Foundation Year (China), Northern Consortium.
2001 to 2005: External examiner, Warwick Business School.
2002 to date: Member of the University China Committee London (UCCL).

Responsibilities

Adam is currently Director of the Centre for Chinese Business and Development (a joint venture with the Department of East Asian Studies), University of Leeds (since 2004), and previously served as its Deputy Director (2000 to 2004) and Acting Director (January to June 2003). Adam serves as Leeds University Business School Liaison Officer for China (2000 to date) and was Director of the Part-time (Evening and Executive) MBA programmes at the Business School from 1998 to 2003 . Adam also serves on a number of committees in the Yorkshire region, including the West Yorkshire International Trade Advisory Group (since August 2006); the Yorkshire and Humber China Steering Group (since July 2005) and the Leeds City Council China Working Group Committee (since Sept 2004). Adam is presently managing two Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) projects designed to build the export capacity of two Yorkshire-based manufacturing SMEs.

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Useful links:
Centre for Chinese Business and Development (CCBD): www.leeds.ac.uk/ccbd
Centre for International Business at the University of Leeds (CIBUL): lubswww.leeds.ac.uk/cibul

Secretary, Centre for International Business (CIBUL): Janet Wood

Research

Adam’s research is centred on the management science of decision-making by international managers concerning foreign market entry and the exploitation of intellectual property (IP). Emphasis is placed on the commercialisation of IP through licensing, although a sub-theme concerns IP rights enforcement and the management of trade secrets. This research is conducted within the rigorous framework of mainstream international business theory. The People’s Republic of China provides a key country focus for much of Adam’s recent research. For example, Adam is currently conducting work on the internationalisation of state-owned and private firms and on the spill-over effects of foreign direct investment in China.

Teaching

LUBS3805 International Business Management (Level 3; module leader, co-taught with Malcolm Chapman)
LUBS5818 International Business (Executive MBA, co-taught with Peter Buckley and Malcolm Chapman)
LUBS5950 International Business (Evening MBA, co-taught with Peter Buckley and Malcolm Chapman)
LUBS5797 Managing and Exploiting Intellectual Capital (FT MBA, MA Management, MSc International Business, MA Chinese and Business, module leader).

Publications

Books

Horn, S.A. and Cross, A.R. (eds) (2010) Japanese Multinationals in China (Routledge: London and New York).

Chapman, M.K. and Cross, A.R. (eds) (2005) International Business Management (FT Prentice Hall), a Pearson Custom Publication for UG and PG International Business modules.  A second edition was published in 2008.

Burton, F.N.; Chapman, M.K. and Cross, A.R. (eds) (1999) The Organisation of International Business (Macmillan: London).

Articles in Journals

Papageorgiadis, NP, Cross, AR and Alexiou, K (2012), “The Impact of the Institution of Patent Protection and Enforcement on the Entry Mode Strategy of U.S. Firms: A Panel Data Investigation" forthcoming in International Business Review.

Buckley, PJ, Cross, AR and Horn, S (2012). “Explaining Japanese Foreign Direct Investment in India: An Institutional Theory Perspective” forthcoming in Business History.

Buckley, PJ, Cross, AR, Forsans, N and Horn, SA (2010) “The rise of the Asian multinational firm” Asian Business and Management, 9 (3), pp. 293-297.

Horn, S, Forsans, N and Cross AR, (2010) “The Strategies of Japanese Firms in Emerging Markets: The Case of the Automobile Industry in India”, forthcoming in Asian Business and Management .

Voss, H, Buckley, PJ and Cross, AR (2010)” “The impact of home country institutional effects on the internationalisation strategy of Chinese firms” forthcoming in Multinational Business Review.

Horn, S.A. and Cross, A.R. (2009), “Japanese management at a crossroads? The changing role of China in the transformation of corporate Japan”, Asia Pacific Business Review, Vol. 15, No. 3. pp. 285-308.

Cross, A.R. and Horn, S.A. (2009), “The changing role of China in the transformation of corporate Japan”, Asia Pacific Business Review, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 463-476.

Mason, E. and Cross, A.R. (2009) “The effect of national intellectual property enforcement on the intellectual property management strategies of firms: the case of India and China”, International Journal of Intellectual Property Management. Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 195-222.

Stead, R.S. and Cross, A.R. (2009) “The Management and Security of Trade Secrets: An Exploratory Study”, International Journal of Intellectual Property Management, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 256-277.

Buckley, P.J., Cross, A.R., Tan, H., Liu, X. and Voss, H. (2008) “Historic and Emergent Trends in Chinese Outward Direct Investment”, Management International Review, Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 715-748.

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ, Cross, AR, Voss, H, Zheng, P and Liu, X (2007) “The Determinants of Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 38, pp. 499-518.

Buckley, PJ; Clegg, LJ; Cross, AR and Tan, H (2005) “China’s Inward Foreign Direct Investment Success: Southeast Asia in the Shadow of the Dragon”, Multinational Business Review, Vol. 13, No. 1. pp. 3-31.  

Clegg, LJ; Cross AR and Lian, X. “Affiliate Versus Non-Affiliate Transactions in Intellectual Property: The Case of US Firms and China”, Harvard China Review, Vol. 3 (1).

Buckley, P.J., Clegg, L.J., Cross A.R., Tan, H., Liu, X. and Voss, H. (2005) “Outward Foreign Direct Investment from Emerging Countries: the case of China.” R&D Management, a journal published by Fudan University, China. pp. 409-425.

Cross, A.R., Handscombe, R. and Patterson, E. (2003) “Photonica: Growing a ‘Spin-Out’”, International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, Vol. 2(3), 2003/4, pp. 351-378.

Buckley, P.J., Clegg, L.J., Cross, A.R. and Wang, C. (2002) "Foreign Direct Investment, Regional Differences and Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence from China", Transnational Corporations, Vol. 11 (1), 1-28.

Clegg, L.J., Cross, A.R. and Lian, X. (2000) "US technology sales to China: investigating the role of legislation", World Economy and China, Journal of the Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 8 (5), 46-54.
 
 Cross, A.R. and Tüselmann, H. (2000) “German Direct Foreign Investment in Eastern and Central Europe: Pattern, Motives and Effects on German Domestic Investment and Jobs”, Economic Review, XXIX (3),  268-281.

Buckley, P.J., Clegg, L.J., Cross, A.R. and Tüselmann, H. (2000) “Europaïsche Integration, regionale Subsysteme und die Strategien multinationaler Unternehmen (with) WSI Mitteilungen (Journal of the German Economic and Social Research Institute), April 4/2000, 213-227.

Cross, A.R. (2000) “Licensing and Franchising Across Borders: Theory, Management and Strategies for the 21st Century”, International Business Review, Vol. 9 (4), 403-406.

Clegg, L.J. and Cross, A.R. (2000) “Affiliate and non-affiliate Intellectual Property Transactions in International Business: An Empirical Overview of the UK and USA”, International Business Review, Vol. 9 (4), 407-430.

Burton, F.N., Cross, A.R. and Rhodes, M.K. (2000) “Foreign Market Servicing Strategies of UK Franchisors: An Empirical Enquiry from a Transactions Costs Perspective”, Management International Review, Vol.  40 (4), 373-400.

Contributions to books

Buckley, PJ, Cross AR and Voss, H (2010) “The Emergence of Southern Multinationals and their impact on Europe”, chapter in an edited volume, awaiting volume details (forthcoming).

Buckley, PJ, Voss, H, Cross, AR and Clegg, LJ “The emergence of Chinese firms as multinationals: the influence of the home institutional environment” (2011). In R. Pearce (ed.) China and the Multinationals: International Business and the Entry of China into the Global Economy. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, pp. tbc.

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ, Cross, AR and Voss, H, “What can emerging countries learn from the outward direct investment policies of advanced countries”, chapter in KP Sauvant, WA Maschek and G. McAllister (2010) Thinking Outward: Global Players from Emerging Markets, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Voss, H, Buckley, PJ and Cross, AR, (2009) “An assessment of the effects of institutional change on Chinese outward direct investment activities” Chapter 5 in: I. Alon, J. Chang, M. Fetscherin, C. Lattemann and J.R. McIntyre, China rules: globalization and political transformation, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (pp. 135-165) (www.chinarules.org)

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ, Cross, AR, Liu, X, Rhodes, MJ and Voss, H (2008) “Explaining China’s outward FDI: An Institutional Perspective,” ch 7 in Sauvant, K.P. (ed), The rise of transnational corporations from emerging markets: threat or opportunity, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ, Cross, AR, Liu, X, Rhodes, MJ, Voss, H and Zheng, P (2007) “An econometric investigation of Chinese outward direct investment”, Chapter 5 in Dunning, JH and Lin, T-M (eds) (2007), Multinational Enterprises and Emerging Challenges of the 21st Century, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ, Cross AR and Xiao Lian (2005) “Institutions and Internationalisation Strategy: the Case of US Technology Sales to the People’s Republic of China”, Chapter 2 in Oesterle, M-J and Wolf, J (eds) Internationalisierung und Institution, Festschrift in honour of Klaus Macharzina, Weisbaden: Gabler,  pp 27-50.

Cross, AR and Tan, H. (2004) "The Impact of China's WTO Accession on FDI in East and South East Asia: Trends and Prospects", in Bartels, F and Freeman, N (eds) The Future of Foreign Investment in South East Asia, RoutledgeCurzon: London.

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ, Cross AR and Wang, C (2004) "Foreign Direct Investment, Regional Differences and Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence from China", Chapter 12 in Buckley, PJ, The Challenge of International Business, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan  (published originally in Transnational Corporations).

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ and Cross AR (2003) "Foreign Direct Investment and Europe", Chapter 6 in Buckley, PJ, The Changing Global Context of International Business, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (published originally in Engelhard and Oeschler, WA op cit).

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ, Cross AR and Tüselmann, H (2003) "European Integration, Regional Subsystems and MNE Responsiveness", Chapter 7 in Buckley, PJ , The Changing Global Context  of  International Business, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan  (English translation of the article published in German in WSI Mitteilungen [Journal of the German Economic and Social Research Institute], op cit).

Burton, FN, Cross, AR and Rhodes, M (2003) "International Expansion of UK Franchisors: An Investigation of Organisational Form", chapter 19 in Welsh, DHB and Alon I (eds), International Franchising in Industrialized Markets: Western and Northern Europe, CCH: Chicago, pp 419-448.

Cross, AR and De Mattos,C (2003) "How Firm-Specific Characteristics Shape Prospective Knowledge Intensive Alliances in a Large Emerging Economy", Ch. 8 in Wheeler, C, McDonald, F and Greaves, I (eds),  Internationalisation: Firm Strategies and Management, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Cross, AR (2000) “Modes of Internationalisation”, in Tayeb, M. (ed.)  International Business, (Financial Times Management Pitman).

Cross, AR (1999) “Introduction: International Business Organisation” in  Burton, FN; Chapman, MK and Cross, AR (eds), The Organisation of International Business (Macmillan: London).

Cross, AR (1999) “Introduction: Entry Modes”, in Burton, FN; Chapman, MK and Cross, AR (eds), The Organisation of International Business (Macmillan: London).

Buckley, PJ; Clegg, LJ and Cross, AR (1999) “Foreign Direct Investment and Europe”, in Engelhard, J  and Oeschler, WA (eds) Internationales Management (Wiesbaden: Gabler). 

 Cross, AR (1998) “Foreign Direct Investment and the EU”, in McDonald, F and Dearden, S. (eds),  European Economic Integration (Addison Wesley Longman), pp. 384-406.

Burton, FN and Cross, AR (1997) "International Franchising: Market versus Hierarchy" in Chryssochoidis, GM; Millar, C and Clegg, LJ (eds.), Internationalisation Strategies, Vol. 1, AIB Series in International Business, Macmillan: London, pp. 135-152.

 Burton, FN and Cross, AR (1995) “Franchising and Foreign Market Entry”, Chapter 3 in Paliwoda, SJ  and Ryans, JK (Jr) (eds), International Marketing Reader, Routledge, pp. 35-48,

Conference and Workshop Papers

Papageorgiadis, NP and Cross, AR (2010) “The Measurement of International Intellectual Property Rights Protection and Enforcement: a new index of 48 countries”, abstract submitted to the 5th Annual Conference of the EPIP (European Policy for Intellectual Property) association, September 20-21, 2010 in Maastricht (the Netherlands).

Papageorgiadis, NP and Cross, AR (2010) “The Challenges of Conceptualising, Measuring and Theorising the Effect of Institutions on Economic Actors: The Case of Intellectual Property Rights”, accepted as a workshop paper at the AIB annual conference, Rio De Janeiro.

Papageorgiadis, NP, Cross, AR and Alexiou,C (2010) “The Impact of Intellectual Property Rights Protection on the Choice between International Affiliate and Non-affiliate Licensing by U.S. firms: A Panel Data Study”, accepted as a competitive paper at the AIB annual conference, Rio De Janeiro.  I was invited to present this paper at a research workshop held at Brunel Business School, 26th February 2010.

Buckley, PJ, Cross, AR, and Voss, H (2009) “The Chinese multinational enterprise: A review and assessment”. American Association of Chinese Studies, Rollins College (USA), 16-18th October 2009.

Voss, H, Buckley, PJ and Cross, AR (2009) “The impact of domestic institutions and international networks on the internationalisation strategies of Chinese firms”, presented at the China Goes Global conference, Harvard University, 30th Sept. to Oct. 2nd 2009.
Papageorgiadis, N and Cross, AR (2009) “Measuring the Institutional System of Intellectual Property Rights in International Business Research: Methodological Limitations, Challenges and Future  Approaches" presented at the Annual Academy of International Business (AIB) conference, San Diego, 27th to 30th June 2009.

Mason, E and Cross, A.R. (2008) “The effect of national intellectual property enforcement on the intellectual property management strategies of firms: the case of India and China”, presented at the EAMSA (Euro-Asia Management Studies Association) conference, Kyoto, Japan, December 2008.

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ, Cross, AR and Voss, H (2008), “Emerging country policies on outward FDI-  lessons from advanced countries”, presented at the Five Diamond conference, Columbia programme on international investment, Columbia University, 27-28th April 2008.

Buckley, PJ, Voss, H, Cross, AR and Clegg, LJ (2008) “The emergence of Chinese firms as multinationals: the influence of the home institutional environment” presented at the Academy of International Business (AIB) annual conference, Milan, 30th June-3rd July in the panel session ‘China and the multinationals: International Business and the entry of China into the global economy’ (chaired by Prof Robert Pierce, University of Reading).

Voss, H, Buckley, PJ and Cross, AR, (2008) “An assessment of the effects of institutional change on Chinese outward direct investment activities” presented at the conference China Goes Global, Harvard University, 8-9 October 2008.
Voss, H, Buckley, PJ and Cross, AR (2008), “Thirty years of Chinese outward foreign direct investment”, presented at the Chinese Economic Association (CEA) UK annual conference, Loughborough, April 2008.

Buckley, PJ, Cross, AR and Voss, H (2008) “Chinese direct investment in the United Kingdom: An assessment of motivations and competitiveness” presented at Corporate Strategies in the New Asia, University of Bremen, 1-2 February 2008.

Buckley, PJ, Cross, AR and Voss, H (2007) “The Impact of Domestic Institutions and International Networks on the Internationalisation Strategy of Chinese Firms: Evidence from the Yangtze River Delta”, presented at the Euro-Asia Management Studies Association (EAMSA) Annual  Conference, The Rise of the Asian Multinational Firm: Implications for Management, Competition and Cooperation, University of Leeds, 28-30 November 2007.

Cross, AR and De Mattos, C (2007) "Unfulfilled Partner-Contributions and Conflict Generation in Cross-Border Alliances in LEMs", an Interactive Paper at the 2007 Academy of Management Meeting. Philadelphia, PA, 3-8 August 2007.

Cross, AR and Papageorgiadis, NP (2007) “Conceptualisation, measurement and investigation of institutions in international business research: the case of intellectual property rights”, AIB UK Annual conference, King’s College London. April 2007.

Cross, A.R. and Voss, H. (2007) “Chinese investments in the United Kingdom: An assessment of motivations and competitiveness”, International conference on: Internationalisation of Chinese and Indian firms, University of Brunel (UK), 18-19 April 2007.

Cross, AR and Voss H (2007) “Chinese direct investment in the United Kingdom: An assessment of motivations and competitiveness”, presented at Four Decades of International Business at Reading: Looking to the future, University of Reading, 16-17 April 2007.

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ, Cross, AR and Rhodes, M (2007) “Fee flows, intellectual property and organisational form: A study of US overseas activity”, presented at an UNCTAD research seminar, Geneva (March 2007).

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ, Cross, AR and Rhodes, M (2006) “Fee flows, intellectual property and organisational form: A study of US overseas activity”, CIBUL research seminar, University of Leeds, November 2006.

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ, Cross, AR and Zheng, P (2006) “A comparison of determinants of inward foreign direct investment to China and India”, presented at the European International Business Academy conference, Fribourg, December 2006.

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ, Cross, AR, Rhodes, MJ, Voss, H and Zheng, P (2006) “Explaining China’s outward FDI: An Institutional Perspective”, presented at the International Conference on The Rise of TNCs from Emerging Markets: Threat or Opportunity? Columbia University, New York, organized  jointly by the Columbia Program on International Investment and Columbia Law School/Earth Institute, October 2006.

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ, Cross, AR, Liu, X, Rhodes, MJ, Voss, H and Zheng, P (2006) “Outward investment from emerging countries with special reference to China and India”  presented at the Conference on Institutions and Development, Centre for Institutional Performance, University of Reading, September 2006.

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ, Cross, AR, Liu, X, Voss, H and Zheng, P (2006) “The Locational Determinants of Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment”, presented at the Academy of International Business Annual Conference, Beijing (Track 10 – Internationalisation of Asian Firms).

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ, Cross, AR, Liu, X, Voss, H and Zheng, P (2006) “The Locational Determinants of Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment”,  presented at the AIB UK Annual Conference, Manchester, April 2006 and the 8th International Conference on Multinational Enterprise, March 2006, College of Business of Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ, Cross, AR, Liu, X, Voss, H and Zheng, P (2006) “Host country determinants of Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment”, presented at the Annual Conference of the Academy of International Business (UK Chapter), Manchester, 7-8 April 2006.  This paper was cited in UNCTAD (2006) World Investment Report:  FDI from Developing and Transition Economies:  Implications for Development, UNCTAD, Geneva.

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ, Liu, X, Voss, H and Zheng, P (2006) “The Host Locational Determinants of Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment”, presented at the workshop The rapid industrialization of China and India: Domestic and International Consequences, University of Antwerp, Belgium, 31 March-1 April 2006.

Cross, AR and De Mattos, G (2006) “Identifying and Negotiating Contributions of Developed Country Partner Firms to Alliances in Big Emerging Markets”, presented at the AIB UK Annual Conference, Manchester, April 2006.

Buckley, PJ; Clegg LJ; Cross, AR and Zheng, P (2005)  “The locational determinants of FDI and disparities among the three macro-regions of China”, presented at the European Academy of International Business conference (EIBA), Oslo, December 2005.

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ, Cross, AR, Liu, H, Tan, H, Voss, H (2005) “Outward Foreign Direct Investment from Emerging Countries: the case of China”, Keynote address at a conference ‘Development of Chinese Industries and Growth of Chinese Enterprises under the Global Context’, Fudan University,.

Buckley, P, Clegg, J, Cross, AR; Liu, X, Tan, H and Voss, H (2005)  “An investigation of the strategies and motivations of outward investing Chinese enterprises” presented at the Academy of International Business (AIB) annual conference, Quebec, July 2005.

Cross, A.R. (2005) “China and Regional FDI”, UNIDO Expert Group Meeting (EGM) on Foreign Direct Investment in Southeast Asia: Experience and Future Policy Implications for Developing Countries, Bangkok, Thailand, March 2005.

Cross, AR, Liu, X and Tan, H (2004) “China and the ‘round-tripping’ phenomenon”, poster presentation at the Academy of International Business annual conference, Stockholm, July 2004.

Cross, AR and De Mattos, C (2004) “Executives' Perceptions over Prospective Contributions from Developed Country Partner-firms to Trans-national Alliances in LEMs”, poster presentation at the Academy of International Business annual conference, Stockholm, July 2004.

Cross, AR and De Mattos, C (2003) "Perceptions and Sources of Conflict in Strategic Alliances", presented to the 29th Annual Conference of EIBA conference, Copenhagen, December 2003.
 
Cross, AR and Dapei, Z (2003) “Bring the Benefits of Science and Technology to the Entire Mankind” (Chinese translation), Third Commentary on the Declaration of the World Economic Development, Institute for Economic Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (Zhuhai Declaration, drafted by Profs LR Klein, R Mundell, JJ Heckman, R Selten, GA Akerlof, J Stiglitz, RR Ernst, L Yining, D Furen, Wang Jue, Lin Yifu, Xiao Zhuoji), Zhuhai, PR China, pp. 12-15

Cross, AR and Tan, H (2002) "The Impact of China's WTO Accession on Southeast Asian Foreign Direct Investment: Trends and Prospects", Conference Proceedings, Athens University of Economics and Business, Department of International and European Economic Studies, 28th Annual Conference of EIBA, Athens, December 2002.

Cross, AR and De Mattos, C (2002) "How Firm-Specific Characteristics Shape Prospective High-Tech Alliances In Emerging Economies", presented at the Annual Conference of the UK Chapter of the Academy of International Business, Preston. Nominated for best paper award.

Clegg LJ, Cross, AR and Lian, X (2001) "US Sales of Intellectual Property to the People's Republic of China: The Affiliate or Non-Affiliate Route?" (revised and updated), presented at the 2001 Academy of International Business (AIB) Annual Meeting, "Looking Towards the Future", Sydney, Australia,  16-19 November 2001. A version of this paper was also presented at the World Economic Development Declaration Conference, Zhuhai, China (opened by Kofi Annan, UN secretary general), 6 November 2003.

Clegg, LJ, Cross, AR and Lian, X (2001) "Economic Globalization, Intellectual Property Right (IPR) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): The Case of US firms and China",  presented at “Globalisation and 21st Century”, First Conference of Sino-French Academic Forum, organised jointly by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and Centre Nationale de Research Scientifique (CNRS) France, Hebei Province, China, 19-22 October 2001.

Clegg, LJ, Cross, AR and Lian X (2001) "US Sales of Intellectual Property to the People's Republic of China: The Affiliate or Non-Affiliate Route?", in McDonald, F and Tuselmann, H (eds) International Business in the 21st Century, Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the UK Chapter of the Academy of International Business (AIB), Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, pp 188-211, 6-7 April 2001.

Clegg, LJ, Cross, AR and Lian, X (2000) “Affiliate versus non-affiliate transactions in intellectual property: the case of US firms and China”, presented at the Asia-Pacific Research Workshop, Manchester School of Management (May 2000).

Clegg, LJ and Cross, AR (2000) “An investigation of affiliate and non-affiliate intellectual property transactions by the USA and UK”, in Young, S. and Hood, N. (2000), The Multinational in the Millenium: Companies and Countries, Changes and Choices, Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the UK Chapter of the Academy of International Business, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, pp. 213-240, 14-15 April 2000.

Buckley, PJ, Clegg, LJ, Cross, AR and Tuselmann, H (1999)  “European integration, regional subsystems and MNE responsiveness: the case of Germany”, in Burton F.N. (1999), International Business and the Global Service Economy, proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the European International Business Academy, UMIST, Manchester, December 1999.

Burton, FN, Cross, AR and Rhodes, M (1997) “Foreign Market Servicing Strategies of UK Franchisors: An Empirical Enquiry from a Transaction Costs Perspective” in Macharzina, K., Oesterle M-J, and Wolf, J (eds.), 1997, Global Business in the Information Age, Proceedings of the 23rd Annual EIBA Conference, Stuttgart, pp. 797-822

Burton, FN and Cross, AR (1997) -“An Empirical Investigation of the Foreign Market Servicing Strategies of UK Franchisors from a Transactions Costs Perspective”, working paper presented at the UK Chapter of the Academy of International Business Conference, Leeds University Business School, Leeds, 4-5 April 1997.

Burton, FN and Cross, AR (1996) “Format Franchising into the People’s Republic of China: Some Conceptual and Pragmatic Issues for Western Franchisors”, in Selmer, J. (ed.), Cross-Cultural Management in China, Proceedings of the International Academic Conference, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, pp. 31-38, August 1996.

Burton, FN and Cross, AR (1993) "A Re-Appraisal of Franchising Across National Boundaries in Foreign Market Entry Mode Analysis", in Levy, M. and Grewal, D. (eds), Developments in Marketing Science, vol. XVI, pp. 638-642.

Burton, FN and Cross, AR (1993) “International Franchising in an East and Central European Context”, in Kaynak, E and Nieminen, J, Managing East-West Business in Turbulent Times, Proceedings of the International Management Development Association Conference, Turku, June, 1993, pp. 163-180.

Burton, FN and Cross, AR  (1993) "A Clarification of the Concept of International Franchising in Foreign Market Entry Mode Analysis", in Chryssochoidis, GM (ed) Internationalisation Strategies, proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of the UK Academy of International Business, Pontypridd, April 1993.